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Mouth breathing in children refers to the habit of inhaling and exhaling primarily through the mouth rather than the nose . While it may seem innocuous and often neglected , this breathing pattern can have significant implications for a child ’ s health , development , and mental well-being .

The prevalence of mouth breathing in children ranges from 11 % to 56 %. The highest rates are often found in younger children , particularly those aged 2 to 6 years , coinciding with the active growth period of adenoids and tonsils . These tissues typically decrease in size after age 10 to 12 , potentially reducing the prevalence of mouth breathing as children grow older . In a 2023 study focused on Chinese children , the prevalence of mouth breathing was found to be 37.2 %, with a higher incidence observed in children aged 6 to 12 years compared to older children and adolescents . Urban children may have higher prevalence rates due to increased exposure to pollutants and allergens . Additionally , children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds might experience higher rates due to less access to healthcare and higher exposure to environmental risk factors .

Mouth breathing in children can be caused by upper airway obstructions such as allergic rhinitis , chronic sinusitis , and structural issues like a deviated nasal septum , or enlarged adenoids or tonsils . Behavioral factors can also contribute to the development of this habit .

If not addressed , mouth breathing can lead to serious longterm consequences . It can impair orofacial development , causing a high , narrow palate and misalignment of the jaws , resulting in a receding chin , elongated facial appearance , and dental issues like open bite or crossbite . It also weakens facial muscles , disrupts dental arch alignment , and exacerbates respiratory problems . Additionally , it can lead to forward head posture and other postural issues , impacting overall body alignment .

Beyond physical effects , mouth breathing can affect a

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Picture of Deviated Nasal Septum

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child ’ s mental health , speech development , and voice quality . It increases the risk of sleep disorders , including sleep apnea , which can result in neurobehavioral problems , developmental delays , cardiovascular issues , and insulin resistance . The connection between mouth breathing , obstructive sleep apnea , and ADHD can negatively impact learning and social well-being .

To identify mouth breathing in a child , look for signs such as frequently keeping the mouth open , loud snoring , waking up with a dry mouth or bad breath , and speech issues like a lisp . Other indicators include frequent infections ( colds , sore throats , ear infections ), dental problems ( misaligned teeth , high narrow palate ), poor sleep quality , daytime fatigue , irritability , and facial changes ( longer face , receding chin , dark circles ). Observing mouth breathing during sleep , pauses in breathing , difficulty chewing , and postural issues are also relevant . Frequent medical visits for nasal congestion or a history of enlarged tonsils / adenoids , along with irregular breathing patterns and nasal voice quality , further suggest mouth breathing . If these signs are present , a detailed evaluation by healthcare professionals , using tools like nasal endoscopy or sleep studies , is recommended .

The primary causes of mouth breathing are nasal congestion and enlarged adenoids or tonsils , with other causes including nasal allergies , nasal polyps , and genetic conditions . Prompt treatment is essential to prevent negative effects on facial and dental development . Treatments vary based on the cause : allergy medications for nasal congestion , weight loss and exercise for sleep apnea , adenoidectomy , or tonsillectomy for enlarged adenoids or tonsils , orthodontic intervention for dental issues , and behavioral modification to address the habit . Early recognition and management of mouth breathing are crucial for a child ’ s health and well-being .

In conclusion , mouth breathing in children is a condition that warrants attention and action . By understanding its causes , consequences , and the importance of early intervention , we can ensure better health outcomes and quality of life for our children .

Picture of High Arch Hard Palate Picture of Tonsils Hypertrophy

DATUK DR . SIOW SENG CHOON M . B ., B . S ( MAN ) / MS ORL-HNS ( UM ) / AM ( M ) / D . P . S . M . Consultant Ear , Nose , Throat , Head & Neck Surgeon ENT Laser Surgery Specialist

Gleneagles Hospital Johor Specialist Clinics Complex , Clinic 310 No . 2 , Jalan Medini Utara 4 , Medini Iskandar , 79250 Iskandar Puteri , Johor Darul Takzim , Malaysia www . DrSiowENT . com WhatsApp ( Message Only ) : + 601110283113

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